Overthrown of Kasım
General Kasım Rule started to go down because of foreign and exterior affairs which grew up after 1961. The Kurdish who were in dissension within the government , started a gunned-attack. In the army there happened various oppositions. However , England and Arab countries were in discord with Kasım Government because of its attempts to restrict the Foreign Petrol Firms and threats to Kuwait. The Government was overthrown by a group of soldiers who co-operated with the Iraq wing of Arab Socialist Baas Party in 1963 and he was killed together with his junta. When Abdusselam Arif was appointed as president, 28 people, who were held responsible for Kerkük Massacre, were executed in three different parts of Kerkük in 1963. In this way, military junta which overthrew Kasım took an important step in order to please the Turks. Following this, the Turks lead a relatively settled period; but no progress was made in the Turks cultural rights.