The invasions and provocation pursuant to the Mondros Armistice Agreement laid foundation for the frequent concentration and emergence of separatist activities of the societies that the Non-Muslim minorities had established before in a secret manner and the establishment of new societies to the same effect. Particularly Greece considered the situation of Turkey as an opportunity to be benefit from in order to accomplish its Megali Idea (Great Idea) that was its historical target. Therefore, Greece has undertaken the duties of the organisation and orientation of these activities. The most important society was Mavri Mra Society among all the societies established by the Greek minorities. This society was founded under the presidency of the Deputy Patriarch Droteos in Istanbul Greek Patriarchate and this society was directly directed by the Greek Prime Minister Venizelos. This society has a strong and significant material power and the amount of gold under the possession of this society was much more than the amount of gold that was possessed by the Greek government in that period. Mavri Mira Society was founded for the execution of the requisite activities in order to accomplish their Great Idea. To this effect, the society had undertaken the duties of the establishment and management of gangs within the Ottoman provinces and the performance of meetings and the other propaganda works. The Greek Red Cross and the official immigrants commission were connected to this society. Istanbul Patriarchate and the Greek Consulate were turned into ammunition stores and the churches were transformed into military warehouses rather than houses of worship. The Mavri Mira Society who had influenced the Armenian Patriarch Zaven Effendi on its side managed also the boycott organisations in Greek schools. Pontus Greek Society was founded secretly in Merzifon American College for the first time in the year of 1904. Müdafaa-i Meşrute (Legal Defence) society was founded in the year of 1908 and then, the society of Holy Anatolia was also founded. The Pontus organisation had expanded through the foundation of these Greek societies and several branches were located in the region extending from Batum towards Inebolu. Pontus Greek Society was under the command of the Little Asia Society (Asya-yı Sugra) in Athens in the year of 1909. A dissertation and booklet named as Pontus was published in the following year, and this society had concentrated its works in a much-frequented manner. These activities that had been protected by the Russian invasion period in the course of the First World War were accelerated again under the dominion of Greece pursuant to the cease-fire. The purpose of the society was to establish the Black Sea Greek Republic with the capital city of Trebizond or Samsun along the coasts of Black Sea that extended from Batum towards Sinop. To this effect, the society started to publish a newspaper titled as Pontus in Istanbul and it had arranged armed gangs and guerillas in the regions with the inhabitants of Greek minority in the Central and Eastern Black Sea regions. On the other hand, they would send committees to Europe in order to perform some political activities on the basis of the same purpose. The Greek people that were the supporters of Pontus were in competition with the Armenians due to the struggle in sharing Trebizond since they had forgotten the real owners of the city. The real face of this society was revealed as a result of a sudden raids forayed into Merzifon American College on the date of 16th February 1921. Furthermore, there were some documents of the college that were obtained by the American government. In these letters, the religion of Islam and the Ottoman State were displayed as the greatest obstacle and enemy of the Christianity. It was also written in the documents that they had provided some allowances and help for few Muslim children lest their purposes would be understood while they trained the Greek and Armenian children as the enemies of the religion and the state. In these letters, they had considered this event as a big sin and they begged pardon from the Jesus Christ for these sins.
Another society that was founded by the Greek minorities was the society that explicitly operated under the name the Central Commission of the Greek Immigrants in Menvra Inn in Galata in Istanbul. However, this was actually the Kordon society that was a branch of Ethnik-i Eterya (Ethereal Ethnic). This society would sent immigrants in order to increase the Greek population in the central and eastern Black Sea regions and also Greek officers and agents that would command the armed Pontus gangs and guerillas under the name of immigrants.
The purpose of the Nea Zoi (New Life) Society that was founded in Bakirköy was the provision of the annexation of Istanbul to Greece or the entitlement of autonomy for Greek people. This society was in close contact with the Greek societies in U.S.A. and it received monetary supports and aids from them.
As it is known, the Allied States had arranged the 24th article of Mondros Armistice agreement in a manner suitable for the association with the establishment of an independent Armenian State in the Eastern Anatolian Region. However, it is beyond doubt that these states knew that the Armenian existence in the region was extremely insufficient for the establishment of such a state. It has been understood that they aimed to provoke the Armenians of Turkey with an imaginary project of Armenia and to benefit from their forces pursuant to Greece and the native Greeks. Therefore, the motive for the activities of the separatist Armenians was the project of Armenia that the western states had suggested. Furthermore, Tasnak Armenian Government in Erevan, Greece and the Armenian Patriarch Zaven Effendi that was under the influence of Greece were the leaders that encouraged and organised these acrtivities.
The resistance-fighters that were the members of the Armenian Taşnak and Hinçak societies returned to Istanbul just after the conclusion of Mondros Armistice agreement and some resistance-fighters who had come from Russia had joined them. Members of Taşnak society had started their activities in a building opposite to the American embassy. They had started to publish a daily newspaper on one hand and they had resorted to armed terror on the other hand. Some Armenians were included among the victims of this terror. Members of Tasnak society had killed H. Aramyan, one of the Armenian authors that was the Member of Hinçak Society and A. Migirdiç tha was a first-rank official in the political branch office. Furthermore, they had threatened all the Armenian officials that provided public service with death. Hincak Society had also started its activities in Beyoglu. This society published a daily newspaper and they had undertaken the representative office works to act as Istanbul Branch of Vahdet-İ Milliye (National Union) Committee that was founded by Bogos Nubar Pasha in Paris. On the other hand, there was a continuous conflict and competition between Taşnak and Hinçak societies. However, the Taşnak government in Erevan could intervene in the internal affairs of Patriarchate through the Armenian Patriarch that took side with it.
The common characteristics that attracted much attention in all these activities of the Non-Muslim minorities was the fact that the Greek and Armenian churches had been the focus and central places of these activities. The leaders of both churches were the flag-bearers of these activities. The churches had turned into ammunition stores through abusing the respect of Turks to the temples. Another significant characteristic was that the schools that was opened by the foreigners through getting benefit from the capitulations were used as bases and the houses of high treason for these types of activities.
Among the societies that were against the national resistance, there have been some societies and parties that were founded by some Turks and Muslim people. These societies were founded in Istanbul that was under the invasion of the enemies and they had had activities in this city and partially in Anatolia. Nearly all of these societies had provided the English support implicitly or explicitly. Their common characteristics were the dependence on a foreign and powerful state and fidelity to the sultanate and caliphate. Another common characteristic of these societies was their hostility against the members of the Committee of Union and Progress (members of CUP) that they considered as the responsible authorities for the status quo. These foundations that were collected around the Freedom and Entente Party had been in contradiction with the national resistance due to the principles that they advocated and their roles in the initiation of the resistance activities carried out by the members of CUP in Anatolia.
The Freedom and Entente Party was founded in the year of 1911 and it was the biggest and the most powerful opposition party against the Party of Union and Progress in the 2nd Constitutional Period. It had stopped its activities in the year of 1913. However, when the Party of the Union and Progress withdrew from the political arena pursuant to Mondros Armistice, it restarted its activities in order to fill in the vacancy. The Freedom and Entente Party constituted a barrier against the National Resistance through its widespread organisation in Anatolia and the other societies and parties that it gathered around its own organisation. It played a provocative role in the civil rebellions. This party considered Kuva-yı Milliye (National Forces) as a trivial activity not different from soap foam and it declared the Müdafaa-i Hukukçular (Societies for the Defence of Rights) as the committee of murders and a group of parvenus. Like every person and organisation that opposed to the Anatolian movement, this party was wiped off from the stage of the history upon the victory.
The Party of Ottoman Peace and Safety (Sulh ve Selamet-i Osmaniye Fırkası) was founded upon the fusion of the Society of Peace and Safety (Sulh ve Selamet Cemiyet) and the Party of Ottoman Safety (Selamet-i Osmaniye Fırkası). This party had adopted the principles of Constitutional periods and democracy and the motive of their activities was the hostility against the Party of Union and Progress. However, this party was not in full compliance and harmony with the Freedom and Entente Party and it was not involved in a severe struggle and dialogue with Anatolia.
Kurdish Lofty Society (Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti) was founded in Istanbul in the year of 1918. It has established its branch offices in the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. Since it opposed to the Anatolian movement, it established close relationship with the Freedom and Entente Party and the English Informers Society. It stipulated the subjection to the English people with deep and sincere fidelity. The separatist activities of this society that was under the dominion of English people was severely criticised with reactions by the people of Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. In the telegrams that were wired to Istanbul Government, it was stated that the regional people did not have any relation with this society and that the Kurdish people were sincerely faithful to the Ottoman community.
Islam Lofty Society (İslam Teali Cemiyeti) was founded in Istanbul in the year of 1919. It had adopted the principles of caliphate and the partisanship of theocratic government. It had operated as a subordinate branch of the Freedom and Entente Party. This society that was founded with the name of Islam declared the members of the National Forces as laughingstock, the movement of National Forces as a rebellion and Mustafa Kemal as a brigand. It advocated that it was obligatory to keep quiet and to withstand the consequences of the defeat pursuant to the total defeat in the war. It also announced its anxiety about the capture of Istanbul by the victorious powers since the rebellion of the National Forces was carried on despite the conclusion of the peace. The announcements and handbills that were arranged by this society that was the instrument of the English desires and propaganda were thrown from the Greek aeroplanes.
The English Informers Society was founded in Istanbul in the year of 1919. In the official opening ceremony that took place on the date of 20th August 1920, Sait Molla stated that he felt great honour for the organisation and foundation of the English Informers Society instead of the Turkish-German Friendship Land that the Party of Union and Progress could not withstand despite their efforts. This society was founded by Turks that had undertaken the advocacy of the English policy under the English control and with English currency. Dr. Robert Frew, the organisational manager of the English intelligence service that lived with the identity of a priest in Istanbul since the declaration of the 2nd Constitutional Period was among the founders and the managers of this society. The subsidiary branches of this society were opened in Istanbul and Anatolia. The apparent purpose of this society that worked in full cooperation with the Freedom and Entente Party was the maintenance of the traditional friendship between the Ottoman Empire and caliphate and the Great Britain Empire. Sait Molla who was one of the founders of this society had wired some telegrams to the mayors in Anatolia. In these telegrams, he had stated that the unique way of liberation was the English mandate and protection. The secret purposes of the society were the outburst of rebellions and civil turmoil in the country, the eradication of the national sense that was awakened gradually and the facilitation of the foreign interventions.
Wilson Principles Society was founded by the authors and journalists that advocated for the American mandate. It has been understood that the founders of this society were influenced by the declaration that was issued by USA President W. Wilson. Some of these founders had taken side with the national resistance in the further periods. Furthermore, the other foundations such as Nigehbân Cemiyet-i Askeriyesi (Nigehban Military Society) and the Decentralisation Society for Trebizond and Environs (Trabzon ve Havalisi Adem-i Merkeziyet), etc. had performed activities in parallel to the Freedom and Entente Party.