The great successes and victories that were won by Huns, the other Turks and the Jenghiz's armies should be looked in their extraordinary heroism, the strategies with the exceptional level of genius, the determination for war that even became ecstatic, the technical superiority that was applied in accordance with the period; and on the other hand, their administration upon the integration of the civil organisation with the military organisation and the provision of the social order as a military order at the same time. In other words, the social organisations of these states such as family, group, tribe, people, etc. had also been the equivalent counterparts of the military troops such as army units of ten soldiers, units of hundred soldiers, units of thousand soldiers, and the divisions, etc. In the case of a war, the whole nation could set in motion as a single army without the destruction of the internal organisation of the nation.
In these respects, Jenghiz Khan had not created a new characteristic. He had organised the lifestyle that lasted from of old in these regions in a proper manner for a great military organisation and he knew how to benefit from this organisation with mastery.
The smallest unit of family was called as yasun in Mongolian language ("kemik"= bone). Since the members of this yasun were relatives, they could noy marry each other and it was believed that they had rooted from one ebegun ("ced"= ancestor).
Aymag and obog were formed through the integration of several yasuns (= in Turkish, oymak and oba, = with the meaning of clans and large nomad groups). The members of Obog could not marry each other and they related their origin to a common ancestor. Another term used for Obogs were urug (= In Turkish uruğ= with the meaning of "relatives, tribe, branch, lineage, generation").
Apart from these, the members of separate obogs (lineages) called themselves as "kuda" when they married each other (kudaş in Uighur language, and kuda in the other dialects). The persons out of the yasun and urug were considered as cad (In Turkish cad= with the meaning of "foreign").
However, the wars were not only fought against cads (foreigners). There were also some struggles among the relatives that were the members of the same obog and urug. Under these circumstances, the relatives would be considered as foreigners.
Furthermore, sometimes the persons that were the members of far and distant obogs (lineages) would become anda (blood brothers) through giving presents reciprocally. Although the Andas did not live together, they would support each other like the members of yasun, aymag and obog.
Urug, in other words, the relatives constituted the dominant class of an obog, in other words, the branch. Tehre was a class of slaves called as bogol-bo'ol among these people. They were different from the slaves in the other eastern countries. They were composed of the servants selected from the war prisoners and they preserved their tribal characteristics. Bogols were considered as urugs in the course of time, and they could be included within the class of relatives. Bogols (slaves) that provided great service and benefits could be let free and then, they would be called as darhan (tarhan). Afterwards, the term of calagu (young, lad) was used in the meaning of "servant".
There were some ranks among the relatives according to the degree of influence. Yasun and obogs were administered by the persons that were distinguished with their courage and dexterity and these persons were called as noyan ("bey, chief, commander". The origin and the lineage- ancestry did not play any important role in the assignation of the noyans. The terms such as bagatur ("gallant, brave"), seçen ("scholar, wise"), mergen ("marksman"), and bökö, büke ("wrestler"), etc. were used in order to identify the qualifications of these noyans. Apart from Noyan, the terms such as Tarsi (prince) and sengün (commander) borrowed from Chinese language, tigin (prince) and buyrug (commander) borrowed from Turkish language, etc. were also used. In the beginning the term of Noyan had meant both the civil and military chiefs; but then, it was used with the meaning of "officer" in general.
The closest assistants of Noyans were called as nökör-nöker. There are still conflicts about the origin of this wod. Although Barthold has stated that this word was borrowed from the Farsi language, Vladimistsov has alleged that the word of nöker in Farsi language had the origin of Mongolian language.
In the end of the century XII, the Mongolian tribes lived in a continuous struggle among themselves. New groups were established upon the integration of various obogs under the command of the noyans that were distinguished with their capabilities and these new groups were called as irgen ("nation, tribe"). In the course of their emergence in the stage of the history, there were famous irgens among the branches of Mongolians such as Mongol, Kereyit, Nayman, Merkit, Tatar, Oyrat, etc. Sometimes a tribe was forcibly disintegrated and dissolved or the chiefs would establish new unions with the support of nökers. Therefore, we have observed that a name of a branch got disappeared all of a sudden or new named appeared in due course.
Therefore, we have come the most significant term of ulus (nation). This word had been used in the ancient Turkish language with the meaning of the "state, country". It has been observed that this terms had meant the irgens that were united by a chief without the implication of a location or country in the beginning; but it represented the country (il, el= government, country) in which they lived together with the people pursuant to the conquests of the vast lands.
Before the establishment of Jenghiz Empire, the Mongolians had lived in a disorganised manner in the form of the large or small communities. When Temucin had become the ruler with the title of Jenghiz Khan in the year of 1206, he organised the people in such a way that the irgens (peoples), obogs (branches), aymags, and yasuns (bones) could each form a military unit at the same time. He appointed a famous and distinguished person from the same branch as the noyan (commander) of the definite troops. to be continued