The administrative system of the Golden Horde State was based on the ancient Turkish principles; the steppe traditions and the organisations took important place in these principles. These principles were taken into consideration in the state administration upon the connection of the people with the lands and the development of agriculture, trade and industry. The official name of the Golden Horde State was actually "Big Army" (Büyük Ordu). This state had been divided into several sections or "Ulus" (the "ölüş, hisse" - shares). Even Russia was composed of several "Ulus" (countries) and the Bashkurt, Bulgarians, and Mokşi regions constituted a separate "ulus". Apart from these, the Caucasian regions and the lands of the Black Sea was also divided into separate countries (ulus). The ulus would be called with the name of the türe (great officials) that were their leaders. Within the ulus, there was a section with full military characteristics that were determined by Jenghiz. For example; the military units of squadrons (ten thousands of soldiers), units of thousand, hundred and ten soldiers; the squadron commander was the leader of the region that composed the unit of ten thousands of people; major was the leader of the unit composed of a thousand of people, etc. Therefore, the Golden Horde State had a much organised military and civil administrative organisation. The administrative (civil) official with the highest rank was called as Daruga in the ulus with the people of original Turks. This term of daruga must have been the equivalent phrase for the governor. The Tatar governor with the highest rank in the Russian countries would be called as Baskak. The administrative centres of these Baskak people were called as "yurt" (native country). The Baskak people were the officials assigned with the duty of supervision of the submission of the Russian princes and people to the domination of the Golden Horde State in the places of their office. Therefore, they had soldiers under their command. Since "tax per head" was collected from the Russian people, the census of the people were carried out (the first census was in the year of 1257) and the baskak people would collect taxes according to these censuses. Furthermore, property tax (one tenth) was also collected for the properties and goods. It has been observed that the daruga officials acted in the same way to execute their activities. According to the moral obligations and small feoffs, it has been understood that the native Turkish people were subjected to several obligations. However, those who were "Tarhans" were exempted from all sorts of obligations and taxes. The right of becoming a Tarhan was entitled by the khan and it was certified with the "small feoff and firman of Tarhan".
The assembly called as "Divan" would assist the khan in the state affairs. We have observed this institution mostly in Turkish-Islam states. The characteristics of this institution in the Golden Horde State cannot be known definitely; particularly the term of clerks and registrars of this divan (registrars of Divan) were cited in the firmans for small feoffs. The envoys and their deputies that were sent to the foreign countries were called as "elçi-keleci" (envoy-robust young). Furthermore, there were some officials that supervised the roads, taxation and trade affairs and their duties were each determined and assigned separately.
We have stated that the trade was highly developed in the Golden Horde State. Accordingly, the monetary system was much regular; and the metallic coins and the banknotes could also be used at the same time.