It is beyond doubt that the Golden Horde State had had a most significant position in not only the Eastern Europe, but also the Turkish world in general in respect of policy, economy and culture in the centuries XIII-XIV. Most of the people of this state- excluding the Russian lands- were original Turks; however, the Mongolian elements was present within the higher class. This element became totally Turks within a short period. The state organisation was based on the state system pertaining to the states that had been founded before Jenghiz Khan. It is nearly absolute that the important elements of Gok Turk and Uighur organisations had been present in the Golden Horde State (and generally in the other Turkish states); moreover, the terms of organisation (technical terms) are observed to have been rooted from Uighur language. Therefore, the understanding of the state, economical and social organisations pertaining to the Golden Horde State and the following khanates depend on the knowledge of the internal organisations of the Mongolians and also the positions of the former Turkish states and committees.
According to the resources limited in number, there were specific laws that arranged the military service, agriculture, trade, taxation and all sorts of obligations in the Golden Horde State. Apart from the organisation established by Jenghiz Khan, there were various arrangements that regulated all the stages of the political and social life. Thus, it is obvious that the Golden Horde State was a "legal" (with laws) political entity.
It has been clearly understood that all the people were not nomadic taking into consideration the abundance of the cities and villages. In fact, it has been known that the Turks on the banks of the Middle Idyll had come and founded villages and cities in the past before this state. It has been observed that the Turkish-Mongolian groups that lived in the lower regions of Idyll established in the cities and villages gradually. There have been 25 cities determined in the region including Azerbaijan so far. These cities are as follows: Azak, Batçin, Baku, Büler, Bulgar, Derbent, Gülistan (suburb of Saray), Crimea, New-Crimea, Macar, Macar-Cedit, Mahmûd Âbad, Muhşı, Ordu, Ordu-Cedit, Ordu-Bazar, Recan, Saray, Saray-Cedit, Saraycık, Sığnak-Cedit, Tabriz, Ükek, Hacı-Tarhan (Zeci-Tarhan), Şabran, and Şamaha. In this case, the Golden Horde State was not only a "steppe empire". Most of these cities stated above are the big trade centres and the "export and import" ports and transit stations. Particularly, there have been some records about the greatness and beauty of the city of Saray pertaining to the travellers that had personally visited this city. As a result of the excavations, these kinds of records have been totally determined and found. It has been revealed that a perfect water system and installation was established in the city of Saray and the water was brought to the gardens and up to the houses with piping system. It has been found definite that there were great developments in the art of tile-making, building-construction and particularly the procession of minerals. Therefore, it is obvious that the city of Saray and the people living in it (in other words, the native Turks) were not inferior to the other contemporary states of the period. The perfection of the mine melting and the procession installations shows that the masters of the Golden Horde State had overwhelmed and become superior to the masters of various nations in these fields. Thus, the traditions of the Idyll and Bulgarian cities were not only preserved in the city of Saray (especially in Saray-Berke), and also they were developed much further. At the same time, the city of Saray was a centre in which the merchants coming from Turkestan, Iran, Anatolia, Byzantine, Russia, and the Central Europe met each other. Therefore, it had a significance of trade. We have known that there were separate quarters founded for separate nations in the city and everybody was granted with the right to live according to the lifestyles that they used to follow in their own countries.
The capital city of the Golden Horde State was the city of Saray. The city of Saray was also called as "City of Throne". The city of Saray that had been founded in the period of Batu was moved to a more suitable place in the period of Berke Khan and it took the name of Yeni Saray (New Saray) or Saray-Berke (near to the position of Tsares that was one of the left branches of Idyll). The Khans lived in the suburb of the city of Saray that was called as "Gulistan". This suburb was the place in which the khans spent the winters; they would go to the "plateaux" in summers according to the ancient traditions; and they would stay in the region between Don and Ozu Rivers. The military encampments of the khans in "plateaux" also had a vision and panorama of a big city. The decorated tents of the ladies and celebrities covered a vast area. The inner sections of the tents that were made of felt were decorated with carpets; the throne of the khan was decorated with golden and valuable stones; and the pedestals of it were of silver. In the festivals and Christian religious holidays, the foreign ambassadors were received with ceremonies.
On this occasion, the hatun and the celebrities that were the members of the dynasty would be located around the throne of the khan. The Khan would have several wives; however, one of them was considered as the Great-Wife, or the chief of the wives. The ranks of the Great-Wives were highly esteemed; and they would actually participate in the state affairs. Moreover, the "small feoffs" could be given to their names upon the approval of the khans. The Great-Wife resembled much to the Chief-Lady effendi and the Mother Sultan in the palaces of the Ottoman sultans; however, the Mother Sultan had much more authorities. The Khans would marry not only the daughters of the Tatar celebrities, but also the daughters of the Byzantine emperors and the Russian princes; for example, Uzbek Khan's wife was the daughter or Greek Kaiser, Andronik Paleologos. Generally, the social positions of the women were high in the Golden Horde State and the ancient Turkish traditions were followed in this issue. The effects of the eastern countries that overwhelmed the women had not become established yet.
The wives of the khans would live in separate palaces; and they would have separate tents peculiar to them in the course of the immigrations. Moreover, they had their own small mosques and big mosques, Muslim teachers and imams, and they had separate brigade of guards in general life. The women in the Golden Horde State did not wear veils; and they would appear in the general life and moreover, the wives of the khans would even participate in the assemblies of the scholars and the poets.