The largest military troop was squadron ("ten thousands of soldiers"); and it was divided into the divisions of minghan ("a thousand of soldiers"), cagun ("a hundred of soldiers") and arban ("ten soldiers"). Therefore, all the people were divided into large or small yasun, aymag, obog and irgens in order to form the military units of ten, hundred, thousand and ten thousands of soldiers. As it has been stated above, the persons that managed these troops and unions were called as noyan. But the number of the division would be added in order to identify the division; for example:
arban-u noyan "corporal",
cagun-u noyan "captain",
minghan-u noyan "major"
tümen-u noyan "division commander"
Accordingly, for example, a major was not only a military commander; he was also the manager of the definite public community together with the lands on which they lived in civil aspects. Kagan (khan, ruler) and köbegün ("son, prince") could dismiss the noyans from their most and confiscate their properties. However, the noyans could not resign from their posts and change their places with one another in accordance with their arbitration.
In the course of such organisation, new military divisions were established upon the union of the persons that were the members of various obogs and irgens. These kinds of new troops were called with the name of any branches or the name of any noyans that dominated them. This situation has been one of the factors that played the leading role in the destruction of the ancient tribal organisation. Therefore, we have observed that some of the branches were divided and then annulled or some names disappeared in partial or total figures in various places. Thus, the minghans ("units of thousands of soldiers") substituted the obogs gradually.
Upon the integration of all tribes and peoples, Ulus ("State, Sovereignty, Empire") had been constituted. The person who was the ruler of the Ulus (nation), in other words, State was called as Kagan (or Ka'an, Kan, Ha'an, Han= Khan) and this khan was elected in the Grand Assembly (=grand assembly= National Assembly). According to the traditions, the state was considered as the property of the dynasty and it could be granted as inheritance or feoffs to the male members of the dynasty in parts by Kagan. Noyans were under the order of these persons. The princesses and the empresses were called as begi or hatun. Therefore, the scheme of the command indicates the following order:
Kagan-köbegün-noyan-nökör.
Jenghiz Khan had united all the irgens ("Peoples") and established the great Mongolian-Nation ("Mongolian Empire"). Then, he shared various peoples and countries among his sons. His youngest son, toluy had stayed in the main homeland in order to maintain the lineage. His elder son, Coci took the western regions on which the Golden Horde State would be established in the future periods, and Chagatai took Turkestan and Ogedey took the Eastern countries. Sometimes these parts of the Great Nation (empire) was also called as ulus.
Köbegüns (princes) who had been appointed as the sovereign of a definite ulus by Kagan were considered as the ecen (possessor) of this country; but they could not collect taxes although they had specific authorities. The affairs related with the taxes and financial matters were managed by the officials called as darugaçin appointed by Kagan and these officials would give the definite amount of these taxes that they collected to köbegün (prince).
Althouh Noyans did not have special rights equal to the köbegüns (princes), they had full authorities within their own troops. The ranks of captain, major and the division commander were transferred by inheritance in the future periods. Kagan would also give the commanders such as majors, the commanders of divisions, etc. in the service of the princes that he appointed with the task of the administration of specific ulus (nation). Sometimes the commanders of the division would elect their own majors, but they should be approved by kagan.
In the further development of the Mongolian military organisation, nöker people who were the assistants of noyans had played significant roles and the relations between these two groups had been effective in the gradual modification of the social institution that was based on blood tie. Nöker people who were a kind of assistant, staff officer and adjutants of Noyans would undertake this profession due to their interest in both the friendship and curiosity upon their own will. They would live together with their noyans and therefore, they could come from any other branches without any blood tie. Afterwards, the institution of nökers developed in the form of the Mongolian officer school. Nökers who worked in the service of a noyan could command the definite troops and then, become noyans. There were nökers around everybody with the rank of kagan, köbegün and noyan. These were not paid soldiers. They were the candidates for officers that came upon their own will and they were always ready for a state of war. On the other hand, the commanders were liable to take care of nökers and to feed them.
Under the command of these classes that managed and gave orders, there was a extensive layer of people called as karachu (black people) that provided service as çerig "soldiers" in the course of a war. As it has been indicated above, there was a class of bogol (slaves, prisoners) and calagu (servants) that provided service among them.
The social unions that developed as yasun, aymag, obog, irgen, and ulus emigrated between the lands that were considered as their common property and called as nutug ("homeland, place"). The small units composed of several tents were called as ayil (= In Turkish "ağıl, köy"= pen, village) and the units composed of several ayil were called as otog (otağ= large sumptuous tents). The somewhat large units surrounded with hedges, ditches and vehicles were called as küreyen, küre'en, and küren. The term of orda (ordu= army, horde) meant the military encampment for an expedition.
As it can be observed, Jenghiz Khan had arranged this order taking the ancient Turkish organisation as a model. In this order, the blood tie of relatives and the administrative and military purposed had played important roles and these fundamental bases were mixed together that cannot be distinguished from one another with definite lines in relevance with the development of the state. Therefore, the ancient system that was based on blood tie of relatives was broken down gradually, and new groupings and terms appeared thereof.
The End
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