1241-1246 The First Woman Sultanate Regent In the period between Ogul Guyuk and his nephew, Batu who was the son of Jenghiz's elder son, Toregene who was the widow wife of Ogeday established dominion in the throne of the state. Guyuk was elected as the khan in the grand assembly in 1246 to which Batu could not attend as a result of her merciless intrigues. The death of Huyuk in the year of 1248 probably prevented the fights among the dynasty.

1245 Europeans' Visit of Khans

In return for the raids of the Mongolians in Europe, the Pope Innocent IV sent Giovanni da Pian del Carpini in order to establish diplomatic relations with the great Khan. Guyuk sent the French missioner back with a demand: "Come, the Great Pope and show us your respect". Just after the enthronement of Mongke, William Von Ruysbruck that had been sent by the French King in the year of 1253 wrote down the life in the palace.

1248 Ogul Gaymıs

Pursuant to his husband's death in the year of 1248, Guyuk's widow wife, Ogul Gaymis tried to establish dominion. However, Jenghiz's younger son, Toluy's son, Mengu won the elections in the year of 1251. When the Ogeday's Princes organised an assassination against him, Mengu executed most of them. Ogul-Gaymis was wrapped in a carpet and then thrown into the lake to get drown.

1258 Blockade of Baghdad

In order to establish dominion on the Muslim world, Mengu sent his brother, Hulagu to Baghdad. He besieged the city, destroyed the walls, killed the caliph and abolished the Abbasi Caliphate that lasted for 500 years thereof. He put to the sword all the people of the city excluding the Christians.

1259 Kubilay

When the Mongolian army tried to pass over the Yangtze River through the bridge constructed of wooden troughs in order to attack the city of Song in Kezhou, hundreds of soldiers were drown in the furious waters. In the course of the expedition, the death of Mengu led to another crisis. Kubilay and his brother, Arik Bore claimed for their rights in the sovereignty. Kubilay won the victory in the year of 1260.

1267 Doidu was the Imperial Capital City of Kubilay

Kubilay started to construct the city of Doidu as the capital city of China next to the Zhongdun, the other capital city of Jin in the year of 1267. Today, these two cities are within the environs of Peking.

1269 Kubilay's New Literary Language

The Mongolians did not have a literary language peculiar to them and they had borrowed the alphabet from Uighurs like the other cultures. Kubilay who perceived the inadequacy of this literary language in respect of the Chinese vocals created a new literary language that was based on Tibetan language in the year of 1269. The alphabet that was called as Pags-pa did not substitute the Uighur language; but it was used on the bronze passports that guaranteed the passage of the diplomats and the visitors without any prohibition in the Mongolian lands in the course of the sovereignty of Kubilay.

1274-1281 Military Expeditions to Japan

Kubilay asked for the submission of Japan, but he encountered with an arrogant silence. Pursuant to the unsuccessful naval attack in the year of 1274, Kubilay had constructed much more ships. Two Mongolian fleets attacked Kyushu in the year of 1281 and they suffered from the typhoon called as kamikaze (divisive wind) by Japans. Most of Khan's army that was composed of 150.000 people were killed or drown in the war.

1294 Death of Kubilay Khan

Pursuant to the deaths of his dearest wife and his son that he had selected as his successor, Kubilay Khan withdrew himself from the material world. When he died in the year of 1294, he still had power upon the other khanates; but this power was too attenuated. The last Great Khan of the Mongolians was buried in Mongolia. Like his grandfather, the place of his grave had remained as a secret.

The End

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